不同湖泊水华发生机制研究进展

目前,世界各地湖泊水华的暴发越来越严重,对人类健康和生态系统有重大危害.本文调研了国内外典型湖泊水华的相关研究成果,从湖泊所属地理位置、气候带、受人类活动干扰强度、主要水华发生藻种和主控环境因子等不同角度进行了总结和分析,揭示了不同类型的湖泊水华特征和发生机制.最后以我国太湖为例,总结已有的研究成果,结合近几年太湖水华和水环境实测数据的分析结果,归纳了太湖水华的主要影响因子,包括Chl-a、TN、TP、COD、温度、风速六个指标,其中Chl-a、COD能指示说明水华的程度,TN、TP是营养盐状况的代表,温度和风速是水华发生的主要气象因子,并定量分析了水华程度和影响因子之间的关系,为水华的预警、预测和评价提供基础和支持.     

斜入射激光脉冲与稠密等离子体相互作用产生的阿秒脉冲

利用一维粒子模拟程序研究和比较了斜入射和垂直入射激光脉冲与稠密等离子体相互作用得到的阿秒脉冲以及激光强度对阿秒脉冲转换比率的影响.同样参数下,斜入射的阿秒脉冲转换比率明显高于垂直入射的情况,滤波后得到的阿秒脉冲振幅比较大,而脉冲串中阿秒脉冲的个数则是垂直入射时的一半.根据振荡镜面模型对两种情况进行了分析,由镜面振荡方程可以对结果给出解释.保持等离子体密度不变,增大入射激光强度时,随着滤波次数的增加,斜入射与垂直入射的阿秒脉冲的转换比率逐渐趋于相同.300次以上高通滤波后我们得到了处于X射线范围的阿秒脉冲.     

A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous analysis of 50 phenols in wastewater using deconvolution technology

Phenolic compounds exist widely in the influents and effluents of sewage treatment plants (STPs) and most are un-regulated. In this study, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the simultaneous analysis of 50 phenolic compounds in wastewater was developed. Deconvolution technology was used to identify contaminants that are covered by co-extracted materials. A mass spectral library containing all 50 silylated phenolic compounds was first established and used for deconvolution. Twelve typical phenolic compounds were selected to optimize the sample preparation procedures. Solid-phase extraction using a C18 cartridge coupled with an HLB cartridge was used for pre-concentration and dichloromethane was used for elution. The solutes were derivatized and analyzed by GC-MS. The blank and matrix spike recoveries ranged from 57.46% to 136.4% and 47.87% to 114.8%, respectively. Method detection limits ranged from 3.64 to 97.64 ng L⁻¹. The relative standard deviations of all the recovery experiments were lower than 13.6%. The instrument limits of quantification ranged from 0.7 to 87.7 pg. The method has been applied to analyze the influents and effluents of 5 Chinese STPs. Except for regulated phenolic compounds (phenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol), three un-regulated phenolic compounds, including 2-chlorophenol, 2,5-dichlorophenol and 2,4-dichloro-3-ethyl-6-nitrophenol were identified in the effluent wastewater. The detected concentrations of un-regulated phenolic compounds could possibly cause environmental effects, indicating that immediate attention is required to prevent complications.     

Rapid growth and sterility of growth hormone gene transgenic triploid carp

Triploid carp (100%) with 150 (3n=150) chromosomes were obtained by crossing the females of improved tetraploid hybrids (♀, 4n=200) of red crucian carp (♀)×common carp (♂) with the males of diploid yellow river carp (♂, 2n=100). The crosses yielded transgenic triploid carp (positive triploid fish, 44.2% of the progeny) and non-transgenic triploid carp (negative triploid fish). Histological examination of the gonads of 24-month-old positive triploid fish suggested they were sterile and the fish were not able to produce mature gametes during the breeding season. Morphologically, both the positive and negative triploid fish were similar. They had a spindle-shaped, laterally compressed, steel grey body with two pairs of barbells. Most of the quantifiable traits of the triploid carp were intermediate between those of the two parents. The positive and negative triploid fish were raised in the same pond for 2 years. The mean body weight of the positive triploid fish was 2.3 times higher than the negative triploid fish. The weight of the largest positive triploid fish was 2.91 times higher than that of the largest negative triploid fish. Thus, we produced fast-growing transgenic triploid carp that have a reduced ecological risk because of their inability to mate and produce progeny.     

Characteristics of strontium isotopes and their implications in the Qixing Cave of Guizhou,China

The strontium isotopic compositions (87Sr/86Sr) of samples including soils, bedrock, soil waters, drip waters and their corresponding speleothems in the Qixing Cave (QXC), Guizhou Province, China, were systemically measured and analyzed. The results indicate that there are significant Sr isotopic differences among samples. The mean 87Sr/86Sr ratios in drip water for the samples 1#, 4# and 9# were 0.709568, 0.709139 and 0.708761, respectively, which possibly result from different flow paths, residence times, and other hydrogeological processes in the unsaturated zone overlying QXC. Meanwhile, levels of 40.8%, 57.6% and 72.4% of Sr in drip waters for 1#, 4# and 9#, respectively, were derived from bedrock dissolution, which was calculated by the mixture model of the two end-members (soil and bedrock). There is, however, no positive correlation between the relative proportion from bedrock dissolution (δ13C value is 1.8‰) and drip water δ13CDIC values. The mean drip water δ13CDIC value in 1# is the heaviest (–4.5‰) with the lowest contribution rate of bedrock dissolution, whereas the value in 9# is the lightest (–9.3‰) with the highest contribution rate of bedrock dissolution. The proportion from host rock dissolution in 4# is higher than that in 1# and lower than that in 9#, while its mean drip water δ13CDIC value (–8.6‰) is higher than that of 9# and lower than that for 1#. This suggests that the prior calcite precipitation (PCP) processes in the unsaturated zone overlying the cave are responsible for the δ13CDIC value differences between different drip waters, and not bedrock dissolution. Furthermore, this study also demonstrates that the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of speleothems in the 1# and 4# mainly reflect the variation in the relative proportions from the soil system (soil water) and bedrock dissolution overlying the cave. It is, therefore, feasible to use the strontium isotopic signals of speleothems as an indicator for soil chemical weathering intensity, and consequently as a monsoon proxy in the study area.     

Parametric effects on the combustion flow field of a typical strut-based scramjet combustor

The flame-holding mechanism in hypersonic propulsion technology is the most important factor in prolonging the duration time of hypersonic vehicles.The two-dimensional coupled implicit Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations,the shear-stress transport k-ω turbulence model and the finite-rate/eddy-dissipation reaction models were used to simulate the combustion flow field of a typical strut-based scramjet combustor.We investigated the effects of the hydrogen-air reaction mechanism and fuel injection temperature and pressure on the parametric distributions in the combustor.The numerical results show qualitative agreement with the experimental data.The hydrogen-air reaction mechanism makes only a slight difference in parametric distributions along the walls of the combustor,and the expansion waves and shock waves exist in the combustor simultaneously.Furthermore,the expansion wave is formed ahead of the shock wave.A transition occurs from the shock wave to the normal shock wave when the injection pressure or temperature increases,and the reaction zone becomes broader.When the injection pressure and temperature both increase,the waves are pushed out of the combustor with subsonic flows.When the waves are generated ahead of the strut,the separation zone is formed in double near the walls of the combustor because of the interaction of the shock wave and the boundary layer.The separation zone becomes smaller and disappears with the disappearance of the shock wave.Because of the horizontal fuel injection,the vorticity is generated near the base face of the strut,and this region is the main origin for turbulent combustion.     

超弹性膜的等轴拉伸试验方法及仿真

提出了一种针对超弹性膜材料的等轴对称拉伸试验装置,介绍了等轴拉伸试验的原理和方法,并对等轴拉伸试验条件及数据处理进行了分析,最后运用有限元软件ABAQUS对等轴理想拉伸、边角拉伸点不固定的自由拉伸、边角点固定的等轴拉伸3种等轴拉伸方法进行仿真.结果表明,边角点固定的等轴拉伸方法在较大拉伸试验范围内的误差较小,可以满足材...     

基于GMM和MRF的自适应阴影检测

运动目标阴影在很大程度上会影响运动目标跟踪、行为识别的正确性和有效性.为此,文中提出了一种基于混合高斯模型和马尔科夫随机场的自适应阴影检测方法.该方法首先对混合高斯模型进行改进,使其可以自适应调整参数学习率以消除浅阴影;然后采用马尔科夫随机场综合邻域的空间依赖性信息进行精确的阴影检测.为了提高基于马尔科夫随机场的阴影检...     

喷雾干燥-碳热还原法制备介孔球形LiFePO4/C正极材料

以聚乙二醇(PEG)为辅助模板剂和碳源,以廉价的三价铁为铁源,采用喷雾干燥-碳热还原法制备了LiFePO4/C正极材料,并对该材料的微观结构及PEG添加量、焙烧温度等对材料结构和性能的影响进行了表征和研究.结果表明:制得的LiFePO4/C材料呈介孔结构,具有漂亮的差级球状形貌、高的比表面积和容量、优异的循环性;PEG...     

多媒体传感器网络中被动目标定位算法

针对被动目标定位问题,提出了一种多视觉感知节点协同定位算法.与传统的视觉目标定位方法不同,该算法无需进行训练或特征识别,而是各个节点基于机器视觉理论,将目标投影为定位平面上的一条直线,并使用Hough变换将该直线映射为Hough空间中的一个离散点,最后对离散点进行正弦曲线拟合,拟合参数即为目标的最终位置估计.根据视觉感...